Which risk factor is associated with the development of pulmonary embolism?

The development of pulmonary embolism (PE) is closely associated with recent surgery due to the increased likelihood of venous thromboembolism (VTE). During surgical procedures, especially those that are prolonged or involve immobility, there is a higher risk of blood clots forming in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis or DVT). When these clots dislodge, they can travel to the lungs, resulting in a pulmonary embolism.

Surgical patients, particularly those who have undergone orthopedic procedures, abdominal surgery, or have extended periods of immobility, are considered at higher risk because the combination of factors like venous stasis, vascular injury, and hypercoagulability often increases post-surgery. Preventative measures, such as the use of anticoagulants or compression devices, are commonly implemented in hospital settings to mitigate this risk.

In contrast, while hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and heart failure are significant health conditions that can contribute to a range of cardiovascular problems, they do not directly increase the risk of pulmonary embolism to the same extent as recent surgical procedures.