Which body system is NOT included in the 14 recognized systems?

The correct answer is that the cardiac system is not considered a standalone body system in the context of the 14 recognized systems outlined for clinical purposes. In medical terminology, the cardiovascular system encompasses both the heart and blood vessels, functioning together to circulate blood throughout the body. Rather than identifying the heart as an independent system, it is integrated within the broader cardiovascular classification.

Conversely, the other listed systems – constitutional, respiratory, and neurological – are recognized as distinct entities. The constitutional system addresses general health aspects like weight, height, and overall well-being. The respiratory system focuses on the structures and processes involved in breathing and gas exchange, while the neurological system pertains to the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and their functions. Collectively, these systems illustrate a more comprehensive classification of the human body's functional systems in medical assessments.